Vedic scientists, known as Rishis, the Seers, never randomly suggested something. Vedic wisdom is not prescriptive, Vedic texts are not code of law like other religions' books, they are explanatory and advisory in nature. Knowledge in Vedic tradition is based on science and universal principles to understand the Supreme, creation and individual souls.
Why then was putting sandalwood powder, Kumkum, and/or ash on the forehead suggested and practised?
There are both spiritual as well as physiological effects of these substances, so let us try to re-discover the knowledge which the Rishis used for this practise.
These powder/pastes are put between the eyebrows, which represents the 'third eye', or the Ajna Chakra in the Yogic system. Also, physiologically, the Ajna Chakra is where the pituitary gland is. The pituitary gland controls the thyroid, and all the lower endocrine glands. So if you can control and balance the pituitary gland, you can automatically influence the entire endocrine system.
The pituitary gland is associated with the Ajna Chakra. When the Ajna Chakra is in balance and activated, it perculates that to the lower chakras. Also, the Ida and Pingala Naadis merge at the Ajna Chakra.
The Ida Naadi has a cooling effect on the body and associated with the parasympathetic nervous system, while the Pingala Naadi has a heating effect and related to the sympathetic nervous system. When both these Naadis are balanced it is an optimum state.
Each of these substances has unique properties and effects on a person on multiple levels mentioned above.
Sandalwood
First let us understand how sandalwood powder is beneficial. Sandalwood has a very pleasant scent, the uniqueness about sandalwood is that it never loses its fragrance. It is mixed with a little water and usually put first as a dot between the eyebrows.
- Sandalwood powder has a cooling, calming, purifying, and grounding effect on the mind and nervous system. This is especially good for those who body heat is higher, an overactive thyroid, who have Pitta Dosha (fire element), as it calms and cools the body, the pituitary gland and activates the Ida Naadi.
- Putting sandalwood paste on the Ajna Chakra also helps in meditation, as well as creates a protective energy field around the body.
Kumkum - the red powder
Commonly known as the "Bindi", most people do not know that Kumkum or Sindoor is made up of turmeric and slaked lime (not synthetic red powder), making it energetically and physically beneficial. When mixed properly, it turns red, which symbolizes life force (Shakti) and purity. Again, the powder is mixed with a drop of water, put on the spot between the eyebrows on top of the sandalwood paste that was put first.
Putting kumkum on the forehead is not just a cultural ornamentation, it has a scientific and spiritual basis to balance and unite the body, mind and spirit. Also, some people think that only married women put Kumkum which is not true. Both men and women of any age can put this. I know many women put a stick on Bindi, but I would encourage them to put on real Kumkum after reading this knowledge.
- Kumkum has a heating, activitating, energizing, and firey effect on the mind, body, nerves, and endocrine system. Therefore, people with an underactive thyroid will benefit from Kumkum. It is also good for those with Kapha Dosha (earth and water elements). It raises the inner fires of a sluggish endocrine system, raises energy level, promotes concentration and activates the Pingala Naadi.
- Kumkum signifies fire and stimulates the Ajna Chakra for meditation and invokes the Devi energy.
Vibhuti - sacred ash
Applying Vibhuti (sacred ash) on the forehead is one of the most ancient and spiritually significant practices in Shaiva and broader Indian traditions. Vibhuti is sacred ash made from burnt dried wood, herbs, or cow dung during a yajna (sacred fire ritual) or from temple fires. It is far more than a ritual—it’s a powerful symbol of a declaration of one’s aspiration for purification through the inner fire, for gaining liberation, renunciation of ego, and alignment with divine truth. “Vibhuti” literally means glory or divine power.
- Vibhuti is typically applied as one or three horizontal lines on the forehead above the sandalwood and kumkum spot between the eyebrows. Shiva is associated with three, and the three lines represents several aspects of creation which are in sets of three (such as Sattva, Rajas, Tamas). Shiva also represents transcendence of body, mind, and intellect to realize the soul (Atman) therefore it's above the Ajna Chakra.
- Vibhuti symbolizes the ultimate truth: everything material will turn to ash. It is especially associated with Lord Shiva, who is often depicted with ash smeared on His body. Devotees apply it as a way of aligning with and invoking Shiva qualities: stillness, detachment, transcendence.
- Vibhuti has natural cooling properties and helps regulate pitta (heat) in the body. It also absorbs excessive body heat on the forehead. Ash is also antibacterial, and especially in a hot country like India, it is good to put on the forehead to absorb sweat. It is often put on other parts of the body by religious people.